Craft is Kinds of crafts. Folk crafts

2024 Author: Sierra Becker | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-02-26 03:46

The appearance of the craft falls on the beginning of human production activities. Since ancient times, the beginnings of handicraft activities have been known.

The concept of crafts

Craft is a production activity based on the manufacture of industrial items with the help of small manual labor, prevailing before the development of machine production and preserved with it.

A person who makes things professionally is called an artisan.

What is folk craft

Folk crafts are items that are made using ordinary materials at hand and simple designs. Folk crafts are diverse in their creative activity, products are made by hand and most often from natural materials or close to them (wood, fabrics, metal, etc.). This type of activity was formed from home crafts, when the necessary household items were made. Like art, folk crafts have evolved according to culture, religion, and sometimes political views.

Craft history

The craft has a long history of origin. Primitive communities were most often engaged in domestichandicraft, making objects from stone, bone, clay, wood, etc. Home craft is the production of products necessary for housekeeping. In some places and today, this activity is of great importance.

Later, people began to lead a sedentary life, artisans appeared. Many artisans worked on the farmlands of kings, temples, monasteries and slave owners (Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece and the countries of Mesopotamia). Initially, the craftsman worked alone, but since this gave a small income, the craftsmen began to unite in groups. These groups were called artels and took orders from the population. Some of the masters went to towns and villages, while others lived and worked in one place. Crafts and handicrafts to order gave rise to the emergence and development of cities as centers of handicrafts and trade. To this day, in many settlements, the names of streets have been preserved, indicating the place of work of one or another master. For example, the Pottery - it organized the production of clay products, the Tannery - leather processing, the production of leather products, shoe repair, the Brick - the production of bricks.

In the Middle Ages, a form of professional craft appeared. A new social stratum appeared in the cities - these are urban artisans. The main branches of city crafts were: the manufacture of metal objects, cloth making, the production of glassware, etc. City craftsmen had such privileges as city law, craft workshops, and their own freedom.

With the advent of industri althe coup, many types of crafts lost their primacy in production, factories and factories began to use machines. Today, artisans have survived in industries that serve the personal needs of customers and in the manufacture of expensive artistic products (shoemakers, tailors, jewelers, artists, etc.).

History of the development of crafts in Russia

The population of Russian cities mainly consisted of artisans. Most of them were engaged in blacksmithing. Later, metalwork was formed from blacksmithing. His products were in great demand in Europe. The production of weapons has singled out craftsmen for the manufacture of bows, guns, quivers, etc. The armor of Russian artisans was considered an order of magnitude higher than Turkish, Syrian and Italian.

According to information from the chronicle, in 1382 there were already cannons in Russia. In the 14th century, foundry business (casting of bells) was formed. With the invasion of the Mongols, production fell into decay.

Jewellery craftsmanship served the needs of the aristocracy. The surviving items (icons, golden belts, crockery, book bindings) testify to the high professionalism of jewelers in engraving, artistic casting, forging, niello and embossing. In the 14th century, the minting of coins began in several Russian principalities, which formed the money craft. Leather, shoemaking and pottery were designed for the market and a wide range of customers. A variety of dishes, toys and building materials were made from clay. In addition, stone churches were built in Moscow and other cities (mainly of white stone) andchiming tower clock.

The works of the masters made a great contribution to the restoration of destruction after the Tatar-Mongol conquests. Russian crafts influenced the preparation of economic prerequisites for the creation of a Russian centralized state.

Since 1917, the number of artisans in Russia has declined sharply, they have united in trade cooperation. However, even now Russian crafts include several world-famous folk art crafts.

Different types and types of crafts

Types of crafts are formed from the material from which the item is made. For a long time, people have known crafts such as:

• Blacksmithing.
• Carpentry.
• Weaving.
• Pottery.
• Carpentry.
• Spinning.
• Jewellery.
• Bakery.
• Leather.

Blacksmithing

Blacksmithing is one of the first occupations that appeared in Russia. People have always marveled at the work of a blacksmith. They could not understand how the master made such amazing objects from gray metal. For many peoples, blacksmiths were considered almost wizards.

Earlier blacksmithing required special knowledge and a specially equipped workshop with many tools. The metal was smelted from swamp ores, which were mined in spring and autumn. Old Russian blacksmiths made sickles, coulters, scythes for farmers, and spears, swords, axes, arrows for warriors. In addition, the household always needed knives, fishhooks, keys.and locks, needles, etc.

Today, technical progress has somewhat changed and improved blacksmithing, but it is still in demand. Offices, apartments, country houses, parks, squares are decorated with artistic forging, it is especially in demand in landscape design.

Jewelcraft

Jewelry craft is one of the most ancient in the history of mankind. Products made of gold, silver and precious stones have long been considered a sign of power and we alth of the aristocratic class. Back in the 10th - 11th centuries, jewelry masters were famous for their talent throughout Europe. Since ancient times, people have been passionate admirers of jewelry. Beads were made from precious metals or colored glass, pendants with various patterns (usually of animals), silver temporal rings that were hung from a headdress or woven into a hairstyle, rings, colts, etc.

In the 18th century in Russia there was a flourishing of jewelry craftsmanship. Just at this time, the profession of "gold and silversmith" began to be called "jeweler". In the 19th century, Russian craftsmen developed their own style, thanks to which Russian jewelry remains unique today. The famous firms of the Grachev brothers, Ovchinnikov and Faberge began their work.

Today, due to the growth of prosperity, the population needs more and more highly artistic jewelry.

Pottery

It is known that since the 10th century, earthenware has been produced in Russia. This was done by hand andmost by female hands. To increase the strength and durability of the product, small shells, sand, quartz, granite, and sometimes plants and fragments of ceramics were mixed with clay.

A little later, potter's wheels appeared, which made the work of potters easier. The circle was set in motion by the hand, and then by the feet. At the same time, men began to engage in pottery.

Pottery reached industrial scale in the 18th century. Ceramic factories appeared in St. Petersburg, and a little later in Moscow.

Items made by modern potters are still amazing. Today, pottery is a popular occupation in many regions of Russia, and the demand for handmade ceramic products is constantly increasing.